Ny Form Troll Collectors Club. Original Norwegian design since 1. Handmade unbreakable trolls made of natural materials. Valuable international collector's item. Welcome tot he home for the Ny Form Trolls and the Ny Form Troll International Collector's Club. Here you will find a gallery with all new and discontinued trolls, distributors, cataloques. You will get updated information about what is happening in the world of the trolls and most important; if you become a member of the club you will be able to make your own profile here, read old magazines, publishing your own stories and pictures and communicate with other collectors. Polskie-trolle.pl on Stumble Upon. Chief Evangelist and General Manager for Poland. Chief Evangelist and Cluster Manager for Austria, Czech. Trolle offers self-catering accommodation in Les Deux Alpes, 100 metres from Vallee Blanche Ski Lift. Free WiFi access is available. Trolling 3 - www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAi1sTd. Troll na mikrofonie - Haker Bonzo (Counter Strike Trolling) / Poland - Duration: 8:04. Pine to Poland Thinning pine Ola. Trolle Ljungby bedriver ett milj Trolls (2016) on IMDb: Movies, TV, Celebs, and more. Movies, TV & Showtimes. In Theaters; Showtimes. Poland: Trolle: Russia. Trolle to najbardziej roz! Troll: Kuchnia regionalna, trolle w Bieszczadach? Read more about how to become a member here. Trolleybus - Wikipedia. For the non- electric buses that resemble historic streetcars, see Tourist trolley. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 6. Currently, around 3. Ernst Werner Siemens demonstrated his . This experiment continued until 1. June 1. 88. 2, after which there were few developments in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the U. S. In 1. 89. 9, another vehicle which could run either on or off rails was demonstrated in Berlin. Routes followed in Eberswalde and Fontainebleau. King of the Hill Wargaming is raising funds for Trolls on Kickstarter! A small quick project to launch and provide high quality troll miniatures. Hansen joined Nordea in 2004, after having held positions at Alfred Berg. Schiemann built and operated the Bielatal system, and is credited with developing the under- running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring- loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although this system operated only until 1. Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days there were a few other methods of current collection. Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 2. March 1. 97. 2. The last rear- entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton, under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers, became world- famous for its trolleybus designs. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1. Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the C. The first non- experimental system was a seasonal municipal line installed near Nantasket Beach in 1. Los Angeles in 1. The trackless trolley was often seen as an interim step, leading to streetcars. In the U. S. A., some systems subscribed to the all- four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, streetcars (trams, trolleys) and rapid transit subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from the lightly used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. In a similar fashion, many cities in Britain originally viewed trolleybus routes as extensions to tram (streetcar) routes where the cost of constructing or restoring track could not be justified at the time, though this attitude changed markedly (to viewing them as outright replacements for tram routes) in the years after 1. Some trolleybus lines in the United States (and in Britain, as noted above) came into existence when a trolley or tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, United Kingdom, was changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs. Worldwide, around 3. See also Trolleybus usage by country. Transit authorities in some cities have reduced or discontinued their use of trolleybuses in recent years, while others, wanting to add or expand use of zero- emission vehicles in an urban environment, have opened new systems or are planning new systems. For example, Lecce, Italy, opened a new trolleybus system in 2. Leeds and Montr. Trolleybuses can pull over to the curb like other buses, eliminating the need of special boarding stations or boarding islands in the middle of the street - - which also means stations can be moved as needed. Better Hill climbing - Trolleybuses' rubbertires have better adhesion than trams' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill- climbing capability and braking. Easier traffic avoidance - Unlike trams (where side tracks are often not available), an out- of- service vehicle can be moved to the side of the road and its trolley poles lowered. The ability to drive a substantial distance from the power wires allows trackless vehicles to avoid obstacles, although it also means a possibility that the vehicle may steer or skid far enough that the trolley pole can no longer reach the wire, stranding the vehicle. Trackless trolleys also are able to avoid collisions by maneuver, while streetcars can only change speed. Quietness - Trolleybuses are generally quieter than streetcars. Easier Training - The control of trolleybuses are relatively similar to motorbuses; the potential operator pool for all buses is much larger than for streetcars. Comparison to Motorbuses. Unlike internal combustion engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for short periods without damage. San Francisco and Seattle, both hilly American cities, use trolleybuses partly for this reason. Given their acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses can outperform diesel buses on flat stretches as well, which makes it better for routes that have frequent stops. Environmentally Friendly - Trolleybuses are usually more environmentally friendly in the city than fossil fuel or hydrocarbon- based vehicles (petrol/gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc.). Power from a centralized plant, even with attendant transmission losses, it is often produced more efficiently, is not bound to a specific fuel source, and is more amenable to pollution control as a point source, unlike individual vehicles with exhaust gases and particulates at street level. Trolleybuses are especially favoured where electricity is abundant, cheap, and renewable, e. Systems in Vancouver, Canada and Seattle, U. S. San Francisco operates its system using hydro power from the city- owned Hetch Hetchy generating plant. Trolleybuses can generate electricity from kinetic energy while braking, a process known as regenerative braking. However, for regenerative braking to work as such, there must be another bus on the same circuit that needs power, an electric storage system on the vehicle or the wire system, or a way to send the excess power back to the commercial electric power system; otherwise the braking power must be dissipated in resistance grids on the bus, when it is called . Lastly, for routes that have more frequent stops, use of trolley bus eliminate the pollution brought forth during idling, thus also improved air quality. Minimal noise pollution - Unlike trams or gasoline and diesel buses, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of an engine or of wheels on rails. Most noise comes from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter and, in the UK at least, were often referred to as the . The however, can also be seen as a disadvantages, with some pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as the . In Cambridge, Massachusetts, trackless trolleys survived because Harvard Station, where several bus lines terminate, is in a tunnel that was once used by streetcars. Although diesel buses do use the tunnel, there are limitations due to exhaust fumes. Also the trackless trolleys continue to have popular support. Longevity and maintenance - Electric motors typically last longer than internal combustion motors, and cause less secondary damage from vibration, so electric buses tend to be very long- lived as compared to motorbuses. As the basic construction of buses has not changed much in the last fifty plus years, they can be upgraded such as when air conditioning was retrofitted to many trolleybuses when it became available, although such upgrades are often disproportionately expensive. Wheelchair lifts are relatively simple to add; kneeling front suspension is a common feature of air suspension on the front axle in place of springs. In comparison to battery- powered buses, the lack of specially designed battery or fuel cell (typically with expensive patents) decrease the price and its weight, and in places with sufficient power delivery network, is cheaper and easier to maintain in comparison to charging stations. The use of guidance rail allows trams running in parallel lanes to pass closer together than drivers could safely steer. Difficulties with platform loading - Implementation of level platform loading with minimal gap, either at design stage or afterwards, is easier and cheaper to implement with rail vehicles. Comparison to motorbuses. This problem was highlighted in Vancouver in July 2. Because of the closure, trolleys were forced to detour several kilometers off their route in order to stay on the wires, leaving major portions of their routes not in service and off- schedule. Aesthetics - The jumble of overhead wires may be seen as unsightly. Dewirements are relatively rare in modern systems with well- maintained overhead wires, hangers, fittings and contact shoes. Trolleybuses are equipped with special insulated pole ropes which drivers use to reconnect the trolley poles with the overhead wires. When approaching switches, trolleybuses usually must decelerate in order to avoid dewiring, and this deceleration can potentially add slightly to traffic congestion. Unable to overtake other trolleybuses - Trolleybuses cannot overtake one another in regular service unless two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided or the vehicles are equipped with off- wire capability, with the latter an increasingly common feature of new trolleybuses. Higher capital cost of equipment - Trolleybuses are often long- lived equipment, with limited market demand. This generally leads to higher prices relative to internal combustion buses. The long equipment life may also complicate upgrades. More training required - Drivers must learn how to prevent dewiring, slowing down at turns and through switches in the overhead wire system, for example. The Public Service Company of New Jersey, with Yellow Coach, developed . Since the 1. 98. 0s, systems such as Muni in San Francisco, Trans.
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